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M. M. LEIGH i VN September le ; 1922. 


COMMONVEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
Janes F, Woodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 


COAL BEDS IN CENTER, CAMERON, CLINTON AND LYCOMING COUNTIES, 
| PENNSYIVAN TA 
By 
J. Ds Sisler 


CENTER COUNTY 


In 1918 Center County rhnked eleventh in Pennsylvanis as a bitu- 
minous coal producing county, In that year, 1,984,664 tons, valued 
at $5,685,985 were produced, and distributed as follows: 1,962,108 
tons, valued at $5,628,211; were lonced at the mines for shipment; 
19,795 tons, valued at $50,215 wore sole to local trade and used by 
employees; 2,763 tons, valued at $7,559 were uscd at the mines for 
Steam an¢ heat. No coal was coked at the mines. 


_There are eight coal beds in Center County. The Lower Kittanning 
and Lower Freeport are the most important. The Brookville, Middle 
Kittanning, Upper Kittanning and Upper Freeport coals are locally 
important. The Clarion and Mercer coals are thin and unimportant, 


Center County is in the central part of the State, It is bounded 
on the‘north and northeast by Clinton County, on the east by Union 
County, on the south by Mifflin, Huntingdon and Blair counties, and on 
the west by Clearfield County. Its greatest width from east to:‘west 
is 48 miles, and from north to south 37,5 miles. Its area is 1,146 
Square miles, Its 1920 population was 44,304. 


The coal districts of Center County are served by two-.railroads. 
the Pennsylvania Railroad, entering the county from the south at 
Cardner, serves the Sandy Ridge, Osceola and Philipsburg district. A 
branch line from Snow Shoe intersection, in the central part of the 


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county, serves the Snow Shoe district, 


The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad enters the county 
near Peale, runs northeast through the mining districts of Moshannon 
and Snow Shoe, and follows Beech Creek to the eastern edge of the 
county. 


All the highways in the coal districts are dirt roads. Coal for 
local use is transported over them, 


The coal districts are on the west flank of Allegheny Mountain, 
in very rugged country. The streams flow through narrow valleys with 
outcrops of massive sandstone along their slopes. 


STRUCTURE. 


The coal districts are contained in two basins having a general 
northeast-southwest trend, 


The principal basin contains the coal districts of Philipsburg - 
Moshannon:- Snow Shoe and Beech Creek. The axis of the trough rises 
and falls, alternately lifting into the air and burying the coal beds. 


The West Branch of the Susquehanne practically marks the trough 
of the second basin, which preserves a few acres of coal in the 
vicinity of Karthaus, 


STRATIGRAPHY, 


The coal beds of Center County are contained in the Allegheny 
‘and Pottsville formations of Carboniferous age. 


The Allegheny formation is composed of massive sandstones, shales, 
limestones, clay beds, and several important coals, 


The Pottsville formation is composed of massive sandstone, a few 
feet of shale, and an unimportant coal bed. 


COAL BEDS. 


There are two principal coal’‘areas in Center County; the first 
lies southeast of Moshannon Creek; in Rush township; the second lies 
in Snow Shoe and Burnside townships, extending north and east from 
Snow Shoe, These areas are surrounded by outcropping Pottsville rocks,’ 
which form the larger.part of the northwest flank of Allegheny Mountain, 


Mercer Coal, This bed, about 60 feet below the Brookville coal, 


is thin and unimportant. It is generally less than 12 inches thick 
and is dirty, 


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Brookville ("A") Coal, This coal, lying on, or separated from 
the Pottsville sandstone by a few feet of shale, is generally a thin 
dirty bed, but locally is thick and has good quality. It is mined for 
Shipping coal in Rush township. Between Sandy Ridge and Osceola the 
mineable coal is 3 feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick, thinning where roof 
"rolls" are present, The bed carries a top bony bench 12 inches 
thick, 


The Brookville coal is opened at many places in Rush township, 
near Philipsburg, and ranges from 2 to 4 feet thick, It is generally 
rather dirty and high in sulphur, and invariably has a bony bench at 
the top 3 to 12 inches thick, Roof rolls make mining uncertain, 
Opposite Munson and Winburne the bed averages 3 feet thick, not in+ 
cluding a 6 inch bony bench at the top, The coal has fair quality, 
but is rather high in sulphur, 


The Brookville coal is mined on Cherry Run, Snow Shoe township. 
Here it is 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet 2 inches thick, not including an 
8 inch bony bench at the top. The coal is rather high in sulphur, 
and both roof and bottom are very rollys At Kato the bed is 4 feet 
thick, not including the top bony bench, and is very rolly, 


The Brookville coal has been opened by farmers in eastern Snow 
Shoe township and in Burnside township, but it is dirty, and high in 
sulphur, It averages 3 feet thick. 


Clarion ("A'") Coal, This bed, lying 15 to 25 feet above the 
Brookville, is very thin and dirty in Center County, Attempts to 
mine it have been unsuccessful, It is locally 3 feet thick, but thins 
down to less than 12 inches within a few yards. 


Lower Kittanning ("B") Coal, This coal, lying about 65 feet 
above the Brookville, is one of the important coals of Center County, 
and has furnished a large quantity of commercial coal, 


Near Retort, the Lower Kittanning averages 4 feet 7 inches thick, 
including 6 inches of bone coal about 6 inches‘from the top; at 
Osceola, it is 4’-feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick, not including a bony 
bench at the top, 12 inches thick. At Boynton it ranges from 4 feet 
to 4 feet 8 inches thick, not including a 12-inch bony bench at the 
top. The Lower Kittanning coal is mined extensively at South 
Philipsburg, where it ranges from 4‘feet to 5 feet 6 inches thick, 
Here it carries numerous bony bands, and part of the coal is cannel- 
oid, high in ash, On One Mile Run the coal averages 4 feet 2 inches 
thick, and generally has 6 to 9 inches of bone coal 8 inches from the 
top. A l-inch pyrite seam is invariably present 7 inches from the 
bottom. On North Run the coal averages 3 feet 6 inches thick, not 
including 12 to 15 inches of bone coal at the top. The roof is 
rolly, and in places cuts out the bony coal. Opposite Munson the coal 
is 3 feet 6 inches thick, It has a characteristic bony bench at the 
top, and local bony partings in the main hench. At Tunnel Mines the 
bed averages 3 feet 6 inches thick, including 6 inches of bony coal 
at the top, and a local bone parting 1 inch thick near the middle of 
the bed. The Lower Kittanning is opened near Gorton for house fuel; 


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In the Snow Shoe-Moshannon district the Lower Kittanning coal is 
mined extensively, It ranges from 3 to 5 feet thick, and its quality 
is irregular, On Cherry Run it averages 3 feet 6 inches thick, ‘and 
has 4 inches of bony coal at the top; at Moshannon 3 feet thick, in- 
cluding 9 inches of ‘bony coal at the top; at Clarence (Snow Shoe) 4 
feet 8 inches thick, including a 15 inch lower bench, with many thin 
bone and pyrite partings, a 6 inch parting of clay and bone; 10 inches 
of good coal, a 4 inch bony parting, 17 inches of good coal, and a 
bony top 4 inches thick. 


On Susquehanna River and Beech Creek’the Lower Kittanning is thin, 
averaging less than 2 feet 6 inches thick, is dirty and present in 
isolated areas in the hills, 


The Lower Kittanning coal ranges from 20 to 24 per cent’volatile 
matter, 59 to 67 per cent fixed carbon, 6 to 16 per cent ash, 0,6 to 
3 per cent sulphur. It is*soft friable coal with stick and block 
structure, and mines out in fair sized lumps. 


Middle Kittanning ("C")-Coal, This bed is generally thin and 
“unimportant in Center County, although it is locally 4 feet thick, 
Where thickest it is full of thin bone and pyrite partings that make 
the coal extremely impure, It is mined only for house coal, 


Upper Kittanning ("C'") Coal. This bed,-lying at an average 
interval of 75 feet above the Lower Kittanning, is an important coal 
in Center County. In the Osceola-Philipsburg district it ranges from 
& feet to 3 feet 6 inches thick, The coal is-hard, and mines out in 
blocks, It carries no bone or shale partings, but "sulphur" streaks 
are numerouse The roof is generally rolly, 


The Upper Kittanning coal has been important in the Snow Shoe- 
Moshannon district, but now is practically exhausted, Its average 
Section shows a triple bed, an upper bench 2 feet 4 inches to 2 feet 
7 inches thick; a middle bench 14 to 18 inches, and a lower bench from 
5 to 12 inches thick. The partings are generally less than 2 inches 
thick. It is a bright hard coal, having good quality. The roof is 
very rolly, 


_ Lower Freeport eee Moshannon) Coal. The Lower Freeport coal, 
so important in Clearfield County, has been eroded in Center County, 
with the exception of a few isolated areas along Moshannon Creek in 
the Osceola-Philipsburg district, and a few hilltops in the Snow Shoe- 
Mosharinon district. Along Moshannon Creek it ranges from 2 to 5 feet 
thick, and is locally dirty. It generally occurs in two benches, the 
bottom and main one being separated from an upper bench by 2 to 4 
inches of bony coal, The upper bench, usually from 6 to 12 inches 
thick, is partly canneloid coal, | 


On Cherry Run, in the Snow Shoe-Moshannon district, the Lower 
Freeport is locally 6 feet thick. The coal has fair quality, and has 
but one thin parting 18 inches from the bottom. At Clarence it is 4 


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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2022 with funding from 7 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/coalbedsincenterOOsisI_O 


feet thick, including 1 inch of bone, 6 inches above the bottom; and 
at Moshannon 3 feet 6 inches thick. 


Upper Freeport ("F"\\ Coal, This bed caps about twenty of the 
highest knobs on the western flank of Allegheny Mountain, and now is 

practically worked out. I% ranges from 2 feet 6 inches’to 5, feet. 
thick, locally carries 2 inches of borne near the middle, and.is 
usually a good hard coal. Formerly it has been coked with much. : 
success in the Snow Shoe-Moshannon district. Both roof and bottom of 
the bed are rolly, oh 


CAMERON ‘COUNTY, 


SSS SF= LS SES SSS ES 


Cameron County is*deeply dissected plateau 2000 feet above sea 
level, with main streams cutting down to 7&0 feet above tide. The 
county is crossed in a northeast-southwest direction by a series of 
anticlines and synclines. Only one of the synclines is d6éep enough 
to preserve the coal bearing formations from erosion. The-axis of 
this basin extends midway between West Branch and Sterling, and 
crosses Sinnamahoning Creek midway between Eirporium and Cameron, 
There are also a few isolated areas of coal in the highest hills in 
the northwestern part of the county. 


The coal beds are in the lower part of the Allegheny formation 
and in the Pottsville formation, They are mined only for local fuel 
at the present time, 


Marshbuxg (Sharon?) Coal; This bed is thin in Cameron County, 
averaging iess than .2 inches, and having a maximum thickness of 3 
feet. It is not mined, 


Alton (Mercer?) Coals. The coals of this group, usually three 
in number, are generally thin and high in ash. 


The Upper Alton coal is 3 feet thick on Canal Run. It generally 
is split into two benches by a shale parting near the middle. It is 
high in ash, On Sterling Run the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick, but 
is extremely high in ash and sulphur, 


The Middle and Lower Alton coals average less than 12 inches 
thick, and are very impure. 


Clarion (Clermont, "A'") Coal. This bed, lying about 80 feet 
below the Lower Kittanning coal. has been opened at several places in 
the Cameron Basins It ranges from 2 to 4 feet thick, and is locally 
a good clean coal, but high in sulphur. This bed is not worked at 
present, 


Lower Kittanning ("B", Dagus) Coal. This coal is geologically 
the highest in Cameron County, and is present only in isolated areas 


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CLINTON COUNTY. 


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The lower part of the Allegheny formation and the Pottsville 
formation are the only coal bearing rocks in Clinton County, These 
formations are confined to three basins, crossing the county in a 
general northeast-southwest direction. The coal areas are small, and 
confined to the highest points in these basins. 


The Tangascootack basin is bounded on the south and east by 
Allegheny Mountain, and on the west by Furney anticline. The Wetham 
basin, lying northwest of Furney anticline, is small, and contains but 
few isolated areas of coal. The Renovo-Karthaus basin has preserved 
several small areas of coal in the hills north of Susquehanna River in 
Bast and West Keating townships, Leidy, Noyes, and Chapman townships, 


In 1918 Clinton County stood twentieth in Pennsylvania as a bitu- 
Minous‘coal producing county. In that year 360,123 tons; valued at 
$1,036,353, were produced; 341,187 tons, valued at $989,296 were 
loaded at the mines for shipment; 15,836 tons were sold to local trade 
and used by employees; 3,100 tons were used at the mines for steam and 
heate : 


The coal mining districts of Clinton County are served by the 
Pennsylvania and New York Central Railroads. 


COAL BEDS. 


Pottsville Coals, The Pottsville formation contains four coals, 
The lowest one is known locally as the "Marshburg" coal, and is 
probably the Sharon of Mercer County. It is thin and unimportant in 
Clinton County, having a maximum thickness of 2 feot, and averaging 
less than 12 inchcs,. 


The three coals of the Alton group lie below the Johnson Run sand- 
Stone, the top of the Pottsvillc, and arc probably the equivalent of 
the Mercer coals of Mercer County, The Lower Alton coal, lying about 
35 foet‘above the Marshburg coal, is generally divided into three 
benches, 21, 9, and 3 inches thick, separated by shalc partings; 
usually about 3 inches thick. The upper bench has good quality, but 
the two lower benches are high in ash and sulphur. The Middle Alton 
coal is thin, having a maximum thickness of 12 inches, and avcraging 
less than 6 inches. The Upper Alton coal ranges from 4 to’5 fect 
thick, with 4 characteristic shale parting 12 inches’thick, about 2 
feet below the top, The top bench is execllent coal, but the lower 


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one is full of “knife blades" of pyrite and bone. 


Allegheny Coals, The coals of the Allegheny formation in 
Clinton County have not been definitely correlated, The coal 
geologically lowest-‘is probably the Brookville. This bed is mined in 
Bald Eagle township, where it ranges from 3 to 5 feet thick, its only 
distinct impurity being a thin bone parting near the top. The coal is 
rathor high in sulphur. North of Susquehanna river in the Tangascoo- 
tack basin, it avorages 3 fect thick and has fair’quality, This bed 
ranges from 2 to 4 fcet thick in the Renovo basin, and is generally 
Split near the middle by a 1 inch bone parting. The coal is high in 
Sulphur, 


A coal lying‘about 70 feet above the one tentatively correlated 
as the Brookville, is probably the Lower Kittanning. This bed ranges 
from 4 inches to 4 feet thick in the Tangascootack basin, and is 
extremely irregular, Roof rolls make mining uncertain. A coal which 
is probably the same bed, is extensively mined at Bitumen, where it 
ranges from 3 fect 6 inches to 5 feet 2 inches thick, averaging 4 feet 
4 inches. The coal is very high in sulphur, but carries only one thin 
bone parting, usually near the middle of the bed. This coal averages 
20 per cent volatile matter, 67 per cent fixed carbon, 8.6 per cent 
ash, and 3 per cent sulphur, 


The topmost coal of’the Allegheny formation is contained in the 
tops of a few high hills, and lies about 110 feet above-the coal last 
describod. It is gencrally about 4 feet 6 inches thick, scparated 
into two benches by a bone parting 4 inches thick near the middle. 


re ene ne ee | 


LYCOMING COUNTY, 


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The coal bearing formations of Lycoming County are confined to 
the Little Pine Creck basin in Pine and McHenry townships, and the 
McIntyre-Ralston basin in Jackson, McIntyre and‘McNett townships. 
These basins are small canoe-shaped depressions, which are evidently 
parts of a syncline crossing the county in a gencral northeast- 
Southwest direction. The Little Pine Creek basin is eleven miles 
long and two miles wide, and the McIntyre~-Ralston basin fifteen miles 
long and three miles wide. Only the highest points in these basins 
contain coal beds. 


COAL BEDS. 


The. coal beds of Lycoming County have not‘been definitely 
correlatcd with the main bituminous coal field, but it is probable 
that the existing correlations are accuratc, The Pottsville formation 
contains no coal beds of commercial value, and the Lowcr Kittanning 
bed in the Allegheny formation is the only one that is mined for 
shipping coal. 


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Brookville (or Clarion (7?) } Coal, This bed lics a few fact 
above the Johnson Rwy (Homewood ?) sandstone. It is a thick bed 
composed of alternating thin layers of coal and shale and has no 
commercial value, 


Lower Kittanning ("B") Coal, This bed is the most important 
coal in Lycoming County. It is locally known as the "Big Bed," and 
has been mined at many places; In the Little Pine Creek basin it 
ranges from 3 to 7 feet thick, and is generally divided into three 
benches by shale partings ranging from 3 to 18 inches thick.’ In the 
Me Intyre-Ralston basin the bed ranges from 2 to 3 feet thick, includ-~ 
ing a 4 or 5 inch parting near the bottom, The coal is a somi- . 
bituminous steam coal of fair quality, low in sulphur but high in ashe 
The coal is soft and friable, dull black in color, and uneven in 
fracture, 


Middle Kittanning ("C") Coal. The Middle Kittanning coal, 
lying about 20 fect above the Lower Kittanning, ranges from 12 inches 
to 7 feet thick, and is very dirty. Where thickest it has many thick 
Shale partings. It is not mined at prosent, 


Upper Kittanning ("C'") Coal, This bed, lying about 50 fect 
below the Lowcr Frecport, is thick but composcd of thin bands of good 
coal in several fect of bituminous shale. It has never been opencd. 


Lowor Freeport ("D") Coal, The Lower Freeport coal, lying from 
80 to’90 fect below the Upper Frecport, ranges from 5 to 11 fcot — 
thick, but is entirely worthless because of many thick Shale partings. 


Upper Freeport ("E") Goal, The Upper Freeport coal, at the top 
of the Allegheny formation, is important in the MeIntyre-Ralston 
basin, where it ranges from 2 to 7 feet thick, It is generally ' 
divided by one or more thick shale partings, into two or three benches, 
the actual-‘merchantable coal averaging less than 3 feet thick. In one 
small area, the bed is nearly 7 feet thick,’and is very clean. The 
Upper Freeport coal averages 7 per cent ash, 17 per cent volatile 
matter, less than 1 per cent sulphur, and ranges from 71 to 73: per 
cent fixed carbon, It is an excellent steam coal, 


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